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Scandium (Sc)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaScandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia.

Scandium in the periodic table

Symbol

Atomic number

Group

Period

Block

Element category

Transition Metal

Physical properties

Phase at STP

Solid

Density

2.985 g/cm³

Atomic weight

44.9559 u

Melting point

1814 K
1540.85 °C
2805.53 °F

Boiling point

3109 K
2835.85 °C
5136.53 °F

Atomic properties

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.36

Electron affinity

18 kJ/mol

Oxidation states

0, +1, +2, +3
(an amphoteric oxide)

Ionization energies

1	633.1 kJ/mol
2	1235 kJ/mol
3	2388.6 kJ/mol
4	7090.6 kJ/mol
5	8843 kJ/mol
6	10679 kJ/mol
7	13310 kJ/mol
8	15250 kJ/mol
9	17370 kJ/mol
10	21726 kJ/mol
11	24102 kJ/mol
12	66320 kJ/mol
13	73010 kJ/mol
14	80160 kJ/mol
15	89490 kJ/mol
16	97400 kJ/mol
17	105600 kJ/mol
18	117000 kJ/mol
19	124270 kJ/mol
20	547530 kJ/mol
21	582163 kJ/mol

Electron configuration

Elektronkonfiguration (shorthand)

[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²

Electron configuration

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹ 4s²

Electrons per shell

2, 8, 9, 2

History

Discovered

1879

Discovered by

Lars Fredrik Nilson