Copper (Cu)

Copper is a chemical element of the periodic table with chemical symbol Cu and atomic number 29 with an atomic weight of 63.5463 u and is classed as transition metal and is part of group 11 (coinage metals). Copper is solid at room temperature.

Nickel Periodic table Zinc

Copper in the periodic table

Symbol	Cu
Atomic number	29
Group	11 (Coinage metals)
Period	4
Block	d
Classification	Transition Metal

Appearance	Red-orange metallic luster
Color	Copper

Number of protons	29 p⁺
Number of neutrons	35 n⁰
Number of electrons	29 e^-

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaCopper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from Latin:cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color.

Physical properties

Phase at STP	Solid
Density	8.96 g/cm³
Atomic weight	63.5463 u

Thermal properties

Melting point	1357.77 K 1084.62 °C 1984.316 °F
Boiling point	2835 K 2561.85 °C 4643.33 °F
Heat of vaporization	300.5 kJ/mol

Atomic properties

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)	1.9
Electron affinity	119.235 kJ/mol
Oxidation states	−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)
Ionization energies	745.5 kJ/mol 1957.9 kJ/mol 3555 kJ/mol 5536 kJ/mol 7700 kJ/mol 9900 kJ/mol 13400 kJ/mol 16000 kJ/mol 19200 kJ/mol 22400 kJ/mol 25600 kJ/mol 35600 kJ/mol 38700 kJ/mol 42000 kJ/mol 46700 kJ/mol 50200 kJ/mol 53700 kJ/mol 61100 kJ/mol 64702 kJ/mol 163700 kJ/mol 174100 kJ/mol 184900 kJ/mol 198800 kJ/mol 210500 kJ/mol 222700 kJ/mol 239100 kJ/mol 249660 kJ/mol 1067358 kJ/mol 1116105 kJ/mol

Electron configuration for copper

Electron configuration

Shorthand configuration

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹

Electron configuration

Full configuration

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s¹

Electron configuration chart

1s²
2s²	2p⁶
3s²	3p⁶	3d¹⁰
4s¹

Electrons per shell

2, 8, 18, 1

Valence electrons

1

Valency electrons

1,2

Bohr model

Figure: Shell diagram of Copper (Cu) atom.

Orbital Diagram

1s
2s	2p
3s	3p	3d
4s

The history of Copper

Discovery

Middle East (9000 BC)

Discovery of copper

Copper was probably the first metal mined and crafted by humans. It was originally obtained as a native metal and later from the smelting of ores. Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BC in the Middle East. It was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages. Copper beads dating from 6000 BC have been found in Çatal Höyük, Anatolia and the archaeological site of Belovode on the Rudnik mountain in Serbia contains the world's oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting from 5000 BC.

Periodic table history

Identifiers

List of unique identifiers for Copper in various chemical registry databases

CAS Number	7440-50-8
ChemSpider ID	22414
EC number	231-159-6
PubChem CID Number	23978