83
Bi
208.98
Bismuth
Post-Transition Metal
Group 15
Period 6
Block p
Bismuth is a chemical element of the periodic table with chemical symbol Bi and atomic number 83 with an atomic weight of 208.98 u and is classed as post-transition metal and is part of group 15 (nitrogen group). Bismuth is solid at room temperature.
Bismuth in the periodic table
| Symbol | Bi |
| Atomic number | 83 |
| Group | 15 (Nitrogen group) |
| Period | 6 |
| Block | p |
| Classification | Post-Transition Metal |
| Appearance | Lustrous silver |
| Color | Gray |
| Number of protons | 83 p+ |
| Number of neutrons | 126 n0 |
| Number of electrons | 83 e- |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaBismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a pentavalent post-transition metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores.
Physical properties
| Phase at STP | Solid |
| Density | 9.78 g/cm3 |
| Atomic weight | 208.98 u |
Thermal properties
| Melting point | 544.7 K 271.55 °C 520.79 °F |
| Boiling point | 1837 K 1563.85 °C 2846.93 °F |
| Heat of vaporization | 179 kJ/mol |
Atomic properties
| Electronegativity (Pauling Scale) | 2.02 |
| Electron affinity | 90.924 kJ/mol |
| Oxidation states | −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) |
| Ionization energies |
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Electron configuration for bismuth
Electron configuration Shorthand configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Full configuration | 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electron configuration chart |
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| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Valence electrons | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Valency electrons | 3,5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bohr model | Figure: Shell diagram of Bismuth (Bi) atom. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Orbital Diagram
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The history of Bismuth
| Discovery | Claude François Geoffroy (1753) |
Discovery of bismuth Bismuth was known since ancient times, but often confused with tin and lead, which are chemically similar. The Incas used bismuth (along with the usual copper and tin) in a special bronze alloy for knives. Agricola (1546) states that bismuth is a distinct metal in a family of metals including tin and lead. This was based on observation of the metals and their physical properties. Miners in the age of alchemy also gave bismuth the name tectum argenti, or "silver being made" in the sense of silver still in the process of being formed within the Earth. Beginning with Johann Heinrich Pott in 1738, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, and Torbern Olof Bergman, the distinctness of lead and bismuth became clear, and Claude François Geoffroy demonstrated in 1753 that this metal is distinct from lead and tin. | |
| Original word | wismuth |
| Language of origin | German |
| Name source | Properties |
| Meaning | “White mass” |
Naming The name comes from the German 'wismuth', possibly meaning 'white mass' or 'white meadow', referring to the appearance of the metal's deposits. | |