82
Pb
207.21
Lead
Post-Transition Metal
Group 14
Period 6
Block p
Lead is a chemical element of the periodic table with chemical symbol Pb and atomic number 82 with an atomic weight of 207.21 u and is classed as post-transition metal and is part of group 14 (carbon group). Lead is solid at room temperature.
Lead in the periodic table
| Symbol | Pb |
| Atomic number | 82 |
| Group | 14 (Carbon group) |
| Period | 6 |
| Block | p |
| Classification | Post-Transition Metal |
| Appearance | Metallic gray |
| Color | SlateGray |
| Number of protons | 82 p+ |
| Number of neutrons | 125 n0 |
| Number of electrons | 82 e- |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaLead (/lɛd/) is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin:plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable and heavy post-transition metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air.
Physical properties
| Phase at STP | Solid |
| Density | 11.34 g/cm3 |
| Atomic weight | 207.21 u |
Thermal properties
| Melting point | 600.61 K 327.46 °C 621.428 °F |
| Boiling point | 2022 K 1748.85 °C 3179.93 °F |
| Heat of vaporization | 177.9 kJ/mol |
Atomic properties
| Electronegativity (Pauling Scale) | 1.87 |
| Electron affinity | 34.4204 kJ/mol |
| Oxidation states | −4, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
| Ionization energies |
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Electron configuration for lead
Electron configuration Shorthand configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Full configuration | 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electron configuration chart |
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| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Valence electrons | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Valency electrons | 2,4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bohr model | Figure: Shell diagram of Lead (Pb) atom. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Orbital Diagram
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The history of Lead
| Discovery | Ancient Near East (7000 BC) |
Discovery of lead Metallic lead beads dating back to 7000–6500 BCE have been found in Asia Minor and may represent the first example of metal smelting. At that time lead had few (if any) applications due to its softness and dull appearance. The Ancient Egyptians were the first to use lead minerals in cosmetics, an application that spread to Ancient Greece and beyond. The oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Abydos dated around 3800 BC. | |
| Original word | lead |
| Language of origin | Anglo-Saxon |
| Name source | Properties |
| Meaning | “Lead” |
| Symbol origin | Symbol Pb is from the Latin name plumbum, still visible in the English plumbing. |
Naming The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon 'lead'. The symbol Pb is from the Latin plumbum, the ancient name for the metal. | |