Lead (Pb)

Lead is a chemical element of the periodic table with chemical symbol Pb and atomic number 82 with an atomic weight of 207.21 u and is classed as post-transition metal and is part of group 14 (carbon group). Lead is solid at room temperature.

Thallium Periodic table Bismuth

Lead in the periodic table

Symbol	Pb
Atomic number	82
Group	14 (Carbon group)
Period	6
Block	p
Classification	Post-Transition Metal

Appearance	Metallic gray
Color	SlateGray

Number of protons	82 p⁺
Number of neutrons	125 n⁰
Number of electrons	82 e^-

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaLead (/lɛd/) is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin:plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable and heavy post-transition metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air.

Physical properties

Phase at STP	Solid
Density	11.34 g/cm³
Atomic weight	207.21 u

Thermal properties

Melting point	600.61 K 327.46 °C 621.428 °F
Boiling point	2022 K 1748.85 °C 3179.93 °F
Heat of vaporization	177.9 kJ/mol

Atomic properties

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)	1.87
Electron affinity	34.4204 kJ/mol
Oxidation states	−4, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Ionization energies	715.6 kJ/mol 1450.5 kJ/mol 3081.5 kJ/mol 4083 kJ/mol 6640 kJ/mol

Electron configuration for lead

Electron configuration

Shorthand configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²

Electron configuration

Full configuration

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 4f¹⁴ 5s² 5p⁶ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²

Electron configuration chart

1s²
2s²	2p⁶
3s²	3p⁶	3d¹⁰
4s²	4p⁶	4d¹⁰	4f¹⁴
5s²	5p⁶	5d¹⁰
6s²	6p²

Electrons per shell

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4

Valence electrons

4

Valency electrons

2,4

Bohr model

Figure: Shell diagram of Lead (Pb) atom.

Orbital Diagram

1s

2s

2p

3s

3p

3d

4s

4p

4d

4f

5s

5p

5d

6s

6p

The history of Lead

Discovery

Africa (7000 BC)

Discovery of lead

Metallic lead beads dating back to 7000–6500 BCE have been found in Asia Minor and may represent the first example of metal smelting. At that time lead had few (if any) applications due to its softness and dull appearance. The Ancient Egyptians were the first to use lead minerals in cosmetics, an application that spread to Ancient Greece and beyond. The oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Abydos dated around 3800 BC.

Periodic table history

Identifiers

List of unique identifiers for Lead in various chemical registry databases

CAS Number	7439-92-1
ChemSpider ID	4509317
EC number	231-100-4
PubChem CID Number	5352425