From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaGermanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon. | |||||||||||
Germanium in the periodic table | |||||||||||
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Symbol | Ge | ||||||||||
Atomic number | 32 | ||||||||||
Group | 14 | ||||||||||
Period | 4 | ||||||||||
Block | p | ||||||||||
Element category | Metalloid | ||||||||||
Physical properties | |||||||||||
Phase at STP | Solid | ||||||||||
Density | 5.323 g/cm3 | ||||||||||
Atomic weight | 72.6308 u | ||||||||||
Melting point | 1211.4 K 938.25 °C 1720.85 °F | ||||||||||
Boiling point | 3106 K 2832.85 °C 5131.13 °F | ||||||||||
Atomic properties | |||||||||||
Electronegativity (Pauling Scale) | 2.01 | ||||||||||
Electron affinity | 118.935 kJ/mol | ||||||||||
Oxidation states | −4 −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | ||||||||||
Ionization energies |
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Electron configuration | |||||||||||
Elektronkonfiguration (shorthand) | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 | ||||||||||
Electron configuration | 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2 | ||||||||||
Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 4 | ||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
Discovered | 1886 | ||||||||||
Discovered by | Clemens Winkler |