Gallium Arsenic

Germanium (Ge)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaGermanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.

Germanium in the periodic table

Symbol

Atomic number

Group

Period

Block

Element category

Metalloid

Physical properties

Phase at STP

Solid

Density

5.323 g/cm³

Atomic weight

72.6308 u

Melting point

1211.4 K
938.25 °C
1720.85 °F

Boiling point

3106 K
2832.85 °C
5131.13 °F

Atomic properties

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.01

Electron affinity

118.935 kJ/mol

Oxidation states

−4 −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4
(an amphoteric oxide)

Ionization energies

1	762 kJ/mol
2	1537.5 kJ/mol
3	3302.1 kJ/mol
4	4411 kJ/mol
5	9020 kJ/mol

Electron configuration

Elektronkonfiguration (shorthand)

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

Electron configuration

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

Electrons per shell

2, 8, 18, 4

History

Discovered

1886

Discovered by

Clemens Winkler