Sulfur (S)

Sulfur is a chemical element of the periodic table with chemical symbol S and atomic number 16 with an atomic weight of 32.059 u and is classed as nonmetal and is part of group 16 (oxygen group). Sulfur is solid at room temperature.

Phosphorus Periodic table Chlorine

Sulfur in the periodic table

Symbol	S
Atomic number	16
Group	16 (Oxygen group)
Period	3
Block	p
Classification	Nonmetal

Appearance	Lemon yellow sintered microcrystals
Color	Yellow

Number of protons	16 p⁺
Number of neutrons	16 n⁰
Number of electrons	16 e^-

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSulfur or sulphur (see spelling differences) is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8.

Physical properties

Phase at STP	Solid
Density	2.07 g/cm³
Atomic weight	32.059 u

Thermal properties

Melting point	388.36 K 115.21 °C 239.378 °F
Boiling point	717.8 K 444.65 °C 832.37 °F
Heat of vaporization	10 kJ/mol

Atomic properties

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)	2.58
Electron affinity	200.41 kJ/mol
Oxidation states	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide)
Ionization energies	999.6 kJ/mol 2252 kJ/mol 3357 kJ/mol 4556 kJ/mol 7004.3 kJ/mol 8495.8 kJ/mol 27107 kJ/mol 31719 kJ/mol 36621 kJ/mol 43177 kJ/mol 48710 kJ/mol 54460 kJ/mol 62930 kJ/mol 68216 kJ/mol 311048 kJ/mol 337138 kJ/mol

Electron configuration for sulfur

Electron configuration

Shorthand configuration

[Ne] 3s² 3p⁴

Electron configuration

Full configuration

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴

Electron configuration chart

1s²
2s²	2p⁶
3s²	3p⁴

Electrons per shell

2, 8, 6

Valence electrons

6

Valency electrons

2

Bohr model

Figure: Shell diagram of Sulfur (S) atom.

Orbital Diagram

1s
2s		2p
3s		3p

The history of Sulfur

Discovery	Middle East (2000 BC)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1777)
Discovery of sulfur First used at least 4,000 years ago. According to the Ebers Papyrus, a sulfur ointment was used in ancient Egypt to treat granular eyelids. Designated as one of the two elements of which all metals are composed in the sulfur-mercury theory of metals, first described in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's Sirr al-khaliqa ('Secret of Creation') and in the works attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan (both 8th or 9th century). Designated as a univeral element (one of the tria prima) by Paracelsus in the early 16th century. Recognized as an element by Antoine Lavoisier in 1777.

Periodic table history

Identifiers

List of unique identifiers for Sulfur in various chemical registry databases

CAS Number	7704-34-9
ChemSpider ID	4515054
EC number	231-722-6
PubChem CID Number	5362487