Ruthenium

Symbol	Ru
Atomnummer	44
Gruppe	8 (Jerngruppe)
Periode	5
Blok	d
Klassifikation	Overgangsmetal

Udseende	Silvery white metallic
Farve	Sølv

Antal protoner	44 p+
Antal neutroner	57 n0
Antal elektroner	44 e-

Fra Wikipedia, den gratis encyklopædiRuthenium (efter Rus; latin for Rusland) er det 44. grundstof i det periodiske system: Under normale temperatur- og trykforhold optræder dette overgangsmetal som et hårdt, hvidt metal. Ruthenium udgør sammen med rhodium og palladium de lette platinmetaller. Ruthenium angribes ikke af syrer, men kan angribes af halogener ved høj temperatur, og opløses i smeltede, basiske stoffer. Stoffet reagerer med ilten i atmosfærisk luft, og danner derved rutheniumtetraoxid (RuO₄).

Fase ved STP	Fast
Massefylde	12.45 g/cm3
Atommasse	101.072 u

Smeltepunkt	2607 K 2333.85 °C 4232.93 °F
Kogepunkt	4423 K 4149.85 °C 7501.73 °F
Fordampningsvarme	567.77 kJ/mol

Elektronegativitet (Pauling Scale)	2.2
Elektronaffinitet	100.96 kJ/mol
Oxidationstrin	−4, −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Ioniseringsenergier	710.2 kJ/mol 1620 kJ/mol 2747 kJ/mol

Elektronkonfiguration Kortfattet konfiguration	[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Elektronkonfiguration Fuld konfiguration	1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d7 5s1
Elektronkonfigurationsdiagram	1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d7 5s1
Elektroner pr. Skal	2, 8, 18, 15, 1
Outer shell electrons	1
Valence electrons (incl. d)	8
Valency-elektroner	3
Bohrs atommodel	Figur: Skaldiagram af Ruthenium (Ru) atom.
Orbital diagram	1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s

Opdagelse og første isolation

Karl Ernst Claus (1844)

Opdagelse af ruthenium Though naturally occurring platinum alloys containing all six platinum-group metals were used for a long time by pre-Columbian Americans and known as a material to European chemists from the mid-16th century, not until the mid-18th century was platinum identified as a pure element. That natural platinum contained palladium, rhodium, osmium and iridium was discovered in the first decade of the 19th century. It is possible that the Polish chemist Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated element 44 (which he called "vestium" after the asteroid Vesta discovered shortly before) from South American platinum ores in 1807. He published an announcement of his discovery in 1808. His work was never confirmed, however, and he later withdrew his claim of discovery. Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827. They examined residues that were left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural Mountains in aqua regia. Berzelius did not find any unusual metals, but Osann thought he found three new metals, which he called pluranium, ruthenium, and polinium. This discrepancy led to a long-standing controversy between Berzelius and Osann about the composition of the residues. As Osann was not able to repeat his isolation of ruthenium, he eventually relinquished his claims. In 1844, Karl Ernst Claus, a Russian scientist of Baltic German descent, showed that the compounds prepared by Gottfried Osann contained small amounts of ruthenium, which Claus had discovered the same year. Claus isolated ruthenium from the platinum residues of rouble production while he was working in Kazan University, Kazan. Choosing the name for the new element, Claus stated: "I named the new body, in honour of my Motherland, ruthenium. I had every right to call it by this name because Mr. Osann relinquished his ruthenium and the word does not yet exist in chemistry." In doing so, Claus started a trend that continues to this day - naming an element after a country.

Original word	Ruthenia
Language of origin	Latin
Name source	Sted
Meaning	“Russia”
Land	Russia
Naming The name is derived from 'Ruthenia', the Latin name for Russia, as the platinum ores were originally from the Ural Mountains in Russia.

CAS Number	7440-18-8
ChemSpider ID	22390
EC number	231-127-1
PubChem CID Number	23950