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Compare Uranium vs Thorium

Comparing Uranium (U) and Thorium (Th). Atomic numbers 92 and 90 with atomic masses 238.029 u and 232.038 u, classified as actinide and actinide. Below: a side-by-side comparison of their physical, atomic, electron-configuration and historical properties, including density, melting and boiling points, ionization energies, oxidation states and discovery history.

vs
U
Uranium
#92
Th
Thorium
#90

Periodic properties of the elements

UraniumThorium
SymbolUTh
Atomic number9290
Group00
Period77
Blockff
Element categoryActinideActinide

Physical properties

UraniumThorium
Phase at STPSolidSolid
Density19.1 g/cm311.724 g/cm3
Atomic weight238.029 u232.038 u
Melting point1405.3 K
1132.15 °C
2069.87 °F		2023 K
1749.85 °C
3181.73 °F
Boiling point4404 K
4130.85 °C
7467.53 °F		5061 K
4787.85 °C
8650.13 °F

Atomic properties

UraniumThorium
Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)1.381.3
Electron affinity50.94 kJ/mol112.72 kJ/mol
Oxidation states+1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6
(an amphoteric oxide)		+1, +2, +3, +4
(a weakly basic oxide)
Ionization energies
  1. 597.6 kJ/mol
  2. 1420 kJ/mol
  3. 1900 kJ/mol
  4. 3145 kJ/mol
  1. 587 kJ/mol
  2. 1110 kJ/mol
  3. 1930 kJ/mol
  4. 2780 kJ/mol

Electron configuration

UraniumThorium
Shorthand configuration[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2 [Rn] 6d2 7s2
Full configuration1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f3 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 6d2 7s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 22, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2

History

UraniumThorium
DiscoveryMartin Heinrich Klaproth (1789)Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1829)
First isolationEugène-Melchior Péligot (1841)
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