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Compare Calcium vs Scandium

Comparing Calcium (Ca) and Scandium (Sc). Atomic numbers 20 and 21 with atomic masses 40.078 u and 44.956 u, classified as alkaline earth metal and transition metal. Below: a side-by-side comparison of their physical, atomic, electron-configuration and historical properties, including density, melting and boiling points, ionization energies, oxidation states and discovery history.

vs
Ca
Calcium
#20
Sc
Scandium
#21

Periodic properties of the elements

CalciumScandium
SymbolCaSc
Atomic number2021
Group23
Period44
Blockdd
Element categoryAlkaline Earth MetalTransition Metal

Physical properties

CalciumScandium
Phase at STPSolidSolid
Density1.55 g/cm32.985 g/cm3
Atomic weight40.0784 u44.9559 u
Melting point1115 K
841.85 °C
1547.33 °F		1814 K
1540.85 °C
2805.53 °F
Boiling point1757 K
1483.85 °C
2702.93 °F		3109 K
2835.85 °C
5136.53 °F

Atomic properties

CalciumScandium
Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)11.36
Electron affinity2.37 kJ/mol18 kJ/mol
Oxidation states+1, +2
(a strongly basic oxide)		0, +1, +2, +3
(an amphoteric oxide)
Ionization energies
  1. 589.8 kJ/mol
  2. 1145.4 kJ/mol
  3. 4912.4 kJ/mol
  4. 6491 kJ/mol
  5. 8153 kJ/mol
  6. 10496 kJ/mol
  7. 12270 kJ/mol
  8. 14206 kJ/mol
  9. 18191 kJ/mol
  10. 20385 kJ/mol
  11. 57110 kJ/mol
  12. 63410 kJ/mol
  13. 70110 kJ/mol
  14. 78890 kJ/mol
  15. 86310 kJ/mol
  16. 94000 kJ/mol
  17. 104900 kJ/mol
  18. 111711 kJ/mol
  19. 494850 kJ/mol
  20. 527762 kJ/mol
  1. 633.1 kJ/mol
  2. 1235 kJ/mol
  3. 2388.6 kJ/mol
  4. 7090.6 kJ/mol
  5. 8843 kJ/mol
  6. 10679 kJ/mol
  7. 13310 kJ/mol
  8. 15250 kJ/mol
  9. 17370 kJ/mol
  10. 21726 kJ/mol
  11. 24102 kJ/mol
  12. 66320 kJ/mol
  13. 73010 kJ/mol
  14. 80160 kJ/mol
  15. 89490 kJ/mol
  16. 97400 kJ/mol
  17. 105600 kJ/mol
  18. 117000 kJ/mol
  19. 124270 kJ/mol
  20. 547530 kJ/mol
  21. 582163 kJ/mol

Electron configuration

CalciumScandium
Shorthand configuration[Ar] 4s2 [Ar] 3d1 4s2
Full configuration1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 8, 22, 8, 9, 2

History

CalciumScandium
PredictionDmitrij Mendelejev (1871)
DiscoveryHumphry Davy (1808)Lars Fredrik Nilson (1879)
First isolationHumphry Davy (1808)Lars Fredrik Nilson (1879)
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